Western Civilization Reformation Essays - Anti-Catholicism

Western Civilization Reformation Chris Walters 1April99 HIS121 Western Civilization REFORMATION During the Sixteenth century, a widespread Religious reformation took place in Western Europe. It was between the Catholics and the Protestants. A reformation is a 16th century religious movement marked ultimately by rejection or modification of some Roman Catholic doctrine and practice and establishment of the Protestant churches. This particular Reformation separated the Christians of Western Europe into Protestants and Catholics. Some of the major Reformations of the Sixteenth century were the Catholic Reformation, the Genevan Reformation, German Reformation, English Reformation, and the Swiss Reformation, also known as the Zwinglian Reformation. They all shared some similar characteristics, while also having some different characteristics. During the Sixteenth century corruption was widespread throughout all of Western Europe. Clergy men, popes, and priests were all sinning alike. Greed, sex, abuse of power were just some of these abuses. The Reformations sought to eliminate these abuses. In each of these reformations, Royalty played a part in it. In the Catholic Reformation, taking place in Spain and Italy, Queen Isabel of Spain brought the church further under the crowns control than ever before. Her reason for Reformation was to raise the intellectual and moral standards of the church. In the German Reformation, Martin Luther was the leader, and he split the church into two groups the Catholic and Protestant. He had protested that some of the clergy were selling indulgences (temporal pardons of sins) without making clear that people must also be sincerely repentant for those sins. Hes most famous for his list of 95 indulgences that he nailed to the door of the catholic church. In Switzerland Zwinglian lead the Swiss Reformation. He broke Traditional standards. He said A church without the magistrate is mutilated and incomplete.Relics and images were abolished; all paintings and decorations were removed form the churches and replaced by white washed walls. He also had music removed from the sermon because he felt it was a distraction from the word of god. (Spielvogel 471) The English Reformation came about because of Henry VIIIs desire to divorce his wife, in search of one that could bear him a son. The Genevan reformation, (I dont get this part because its in Switzerland so isnt it the same thing then as the Swiss Reformation?)It was lead by John Calvin. Calvin enforced the ideals of purity, simplicity, and devout religious faith. All of these Reformations took power away form the churches and placed it under the crown. No ones power will be higher than that of the crown. All of these Reformations sought to eliminate corruption, sin, and any other wrong doings from the churches. The Catholic Reformation and the English Reformation fought to keep Catholicism, while the Swiss Reformation, the German reformation, and the Genevan reformation all fought for Protestantism. Each of these Reformations divided up their countries people. The Holy Roman Empire was the main fighting force against Protestantism. All these Reformations broke traditional standards around Western Europe. The true reform was not directed against an enemy; it was undertaken for God, Jesus Christ, as a protestation of unwavering loyalty.( Daniel-Rops 3) The idea was to change Mankind not Religion, but this proved to be impossible. Each Reformation was different because there were different driving forces behind them. The Genevan Reformation, led by Calvin, was ultimately driven by the government of Geneva, which wasnt a King or a Queen, but instead by a series of councils. The Catholic Reformation had Queen Isabel behind it in her hopes to strengthen the morals of her people. The Swiss Reformation was started by Zwinglian, in his hopes to remove all that which distracted from the pure word of God. The German Reformation was driven by Luther and later carried on by Charles V, who tried to unite his kingdom through religion but through a series of wars lost all hopes of religious unity. And the English Reformation was started because of King Henry VIIIs quest for a heir to his throne. Each of these Reformations had their differences and similarities, but ultimately shared one major concept; to eliminate all sin, the abuse of power and the selling of indulgences from the church and the pure word of God. History Essays

Sculpting Earths Surface Presentation

Sculpting Earths Surface Presentation Introduction The geographic features that define the Earth, such as volcanoes, trenches, mountains and even the physical locations of various continents, have been defined by the motions created as a result of the plates that make up the Earth’s crust. These plates that have been estimated to be fifteen in number drift on the molten rock which surrounds the core of the earth (Rackley, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Sculpting Earth’s Surface Presentation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is the collision of these plates that lead to the formation of various features such as the mountains, and the trenches. Other than the processes of collision mentioned herein, erosion from both the wind and rain and other movements like glaciers also contribute to the sculpting of the Earth’s surface. Sculpting of the Earth’s surface can therefore be understood as the process through which vario us features tend to be created on the surface of the earth (Rackley, 2008). The rest of this report presents sculpting analysis, and finally gives the conclusion. Analysis of earth sculpting The processes that lead to the sculpting of the surface of the Earth have been attributed to the violent collisions that exist between the tectonic plates and the fragments of the rocky outer shell that are constantly in motion. The best example to demonstrate this is the southern part of Africa. In this region exists one of the world’s largest plateau of over one thousand miles both in depth and across. Despite having this feature that has been observed to slowly rise over the past period, geologic evidence collected by various researchers has demonstrated that this part of Africa and environs have not experienced a tectonic collisions for over four hundred million years (Ritseme, 2001). Source: Gurnis, M., (2001). Sculpting of the earth from Inside Out. Scientific American Inc.Advertis ing Looking for report on geology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The diagram above represents a mental map that combines measurements of thousands of vibrations caused by earthquakes that have been believed to travel through the planet. Blue areas in blue color represent the cold, dense rock that is believed to have experienced a quick movement, yellow, representing hot but less compact rock that is believed to have experienced slower movement. The sculpting features can therefore only be attributed to some vertical motion by a large chunk of the earth’s surface. Other examples that would support this premise are evidently observed from the vast stretches of the North America and Australia which are believed to have been bowed down some thousands of years ago and suddenly reappeared (Gurnis, 2001). Geologists have extensively studied the central layer of the planet Earth, a region believed to be a scalding; hot rock is found just below some jigsaw combination of tectonic plates and stretches much deeper to about 1800 miles away from the outer edge of the earth’s iron core (Gurnis, 2001). Earlier studies indicated that the differences in the mantle temperature result in the solid rocks creeping features. However, the scientific relationship that exists between the molasses like structures (that results in creeping features) and the rise to the vertical motions could not be substantiated (Ritseme, 2001). Moreover, progress in understanding of the same has been enabled due to the inventions of powerful computer models that have the ability of combining snapshots of the mantle in the present day with various clues into how such processes could have occurred (Gurnis, 2001). The African superswell mystery was among the easiest and first explainable structures with these computers. These Southern African features were attributed to the mantle, which having been creped could churn, and roil like hot soup pot, ready to boil. The low density of the rock, which appeared to be very hot, made the resultant boiling material buoyant, thereby ascending slowly while the colder and denser rocks tend to sink until the heat that escapes the molten core warms the material enough to make it rise repeatedly. The motions that appear in a three dimension are called convectional and are believed to create a horizontal motion experienced by the tectonic plates (Ritseme, 2001). Conclusion The Earth’s interior constant motions in its mantle can therefore be attributed to the constant drifts, surface movements of the Earth’s surface and other physical features experienced. This points out to the fact that such processes happening in the interior part of the earth give the greatest danger to the life-possessing species on the Earth.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Sculpting Earth’s Surface Presentation specifically for you for only $16.0 5 $11/page Learn More Reference List Gurnis, M., (2001). Sculpting of the earth from Inside Out. Scientific American Inc. Web. Rackley, S., (2008),. The earth’s surface’ weathering process. USA: Scientific American Inc. Ritseme, J., (2001). Indonesian down welling. California institute of technology. USA: Scientific American Inc.

THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY - Essay Example The two lawyer had another had another case challenging the Affordable Care Act, but the rule ruled in favor of the Obama administration with a vote of 5 to 4 vote (Liptak). Clement argue that the Affordable Care Act requires a majority of employers to provide female employees with comprehensive cover for varieties of contraception methods available in the market. However, under the Affordable Health Act, small employers and religious employers are exempted from covering their employees on contraception (U.S Department of Health and Human Services). Moreover, religious affiliated organizations or group do not need provide their workers with contraceptive cover. The plaintiff told the bench that including insurance coverage for contraceptives promotes equality in the health care provision and ensure that women has access to quality birth control methods. Moreover, offering comprehensive contraceptive insurance ensure that women would be able to prepare for their family until when they are ready to have children (Liptak). Liptak, Adam. "Supre Court Hears Cases on Contraception Rule." 25 March 2014. The New York Times. 17 April 2014 . U.S Department of Health and Human Services. 17 April 2014. 18 April 2014